Shaking the Foundations

During the conversation between Socrates and Euthyphro, Plato appears to be most concerned with the formation of solid opinions, backed by relative and appropriate evidence. This idea relates back to the “empty phrases” addressed by Jesus in Matthew’s gospel; you cannot pray without considering what you are saying, just as you cannot justly hold an opinion without reasoning.

The support of opinions regarding morality, the basic difference between “pious” and “impious,” is more difficult than most. Euthyphro believes that it is pious to prosecute someone in response to any injustice, regardless of circumstance, but Socrates challenges the basis of his moral standing. He begins to test Euthyphro early in the conversation: “For surely you wouldn’t proceed against [your father] for murder on behalf of an outsider”(44). This small provocation is the initial analysis Socrates puts to the foundations of Euthyphro’s opinions. From this point on, Socrates challenges Euthyphro to clarify his argument, rework his evidence after Socrates manipulates it to reveal its’ weaknesses, and constantly reminds Euthyphro to return to the initial question. “You didn’t answer what I asked, you wondrous man”(50). Socrates is not impatient throughout the discussion, but rather is very tolerant in pointing out the weaknesses in Euthyphro’s position, and guiding him towards better evidence for his view, or perhaps convincing him differently of the situation. In effect, Plato is offering a challenge to explore our own moral foundations. In a moment of humor, Euthyphro states, “But perhaps it is no small work, Socrates, although I could display it to you quite plainly”(51). It is no small work to explore the depths of our morals and reasons, yet the necessity is clear given by the interaction between Socrates and Euthyphro.